Medic for Geographic Tongue

Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a harmless but discomforting condition that mostly affects the top and sides of your tongue.

It forms irregular patches on the surface of the tongue that gives the tongue a map-like appearance, hence the name “geographic tongue.” According to the American Academy of Oral Medicine, it is estimated to affect 1%-2.5% of the population.

Causes of Geographic Tongue

The patches on the tongue develop due to the absence of papillae or tiny bumps in the affected area. However, no one really knows what causes it.

Several factors can contribute to it, such as:

• Emotional stress or other psychological factors
• Oral parafunctional habits
• Allergies
• A nutritional deficiency
• Hormonal disturbances
• Family history
• Irritation from hot or spicy foods or alcohol

Moreover, it has been found that geographic tongue may coexist with other disorders, too. Such disorders include:

• Fissured tongue
• Diabetes
• Gastrointestinal diseases
• Burning mouth syndrome
• Down syndrome
• This problem is more common in people with psoriasis. Some consider geographic tongue an oral form of psoriasis, although in some studies, it was found that incidences of psoriasis and geographic tongue were independent of each other.
• Anyone can potentially develop geographic tongue, irrespective of age and sex. It is not contagious and also will never turn into cancer. The condition often resolves on its own but may appear again later.

Signs and Symptoms of Geographic Tongue

• The tongue appears covered by bald, red patches due to the loss of papillae in those regions. These lesions covering the tongue are red, smooth, and irregularly shaped with a white and often elevated border.
• These lesions tend to vary in shape, size, and color and frequently change their location, i.e., the lesion may heal in one spot and move to another.
• In some cases, the tongue may also become sensitive to hot, spicy, or acidic foods.
• Tongue exhibits increased sensitivity and discomfort towards cigarette smoke and toothpaste.
• The red areas sometimes become infected with thrush (candida).
• In addition, there may be sores and burning pain as well as bad breath.

Backenting Geographic Tongue

• As geographic tongue can occur due to a vitamin B deficiency, you need to eat more vitamin B-rich foods. This vitamin can even prevent recurrence of patches on your tongue.
• Follow proper oral hygiene by brushing your teeth twice daily and flossing regularly.
• Avoid toothpastes with tartar-control additives, heavy flavoring, or whitening agents. Use a mild toothpaste for sensitive teeth instead.
• Manage your stress levels, as stress seems to contribute towards the development of this condition.

When to See a Doctor

Always consult your doctor for a proper diagnosis to rule out the possibility of a more serious underlying condition.

You must see a doctor if you experience any of the following:

• A lesion that lasts longer than 10 days
• Troubled breathing
• Difficulty speaking, chewing, or swallowing
• Severely swollen tongue

There is no cure for geographic tongue. To ease the nuisance or irritation, you can try some simple home remedies and lifestyle changes.

Treating Geographic Tongue at Home

Here are some ways to alleviate the signs and symptoms of geographic tongue.

1. Clean the Tongue

As a generally accepted rule of thumb, brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day is enough to maintain good oral hygiene. However, we conveniently skip over the fact that the tongue is also part of our oral cavity in addition to our teeth and gums.

Scraping your tongue regularly, therefore, should be a mandatory step in your oral routine. This will prevent the development of white patches on your tongue. To scrape your tongue, you can use a tongue scraper or a toothbrush with a tongue cleaner.

According to a 2008 study published in the Journal of Applied Oral Science, using a scraper that comes attached to a toothbrush or a conventional tongue scraper has proven effective in terms of breath improvement and reduction of tongue microbiota.

No matter which one you prefer to use, always rinse it clean between each scraping.

2. Make Necessary Dietary Choices

To reduce the discomfort associated with geographic tongue, avoid or limit food irritants that may aggravate the sensitive tissues of your tongue.

Food irritants usually worsen the condition, making it difficult to heal.

1. Avoid eating hot, spicy, acidic, or salty foods.
2. Avoid tobacco products.
3. Avoid heavily flavored candy or other food products.
4. Avoid acidic fruits and vegetables.
5. Limit your consumption of highly sugary and processed foods.

3. Fluid Intake

By keeping your body hydrated, you can ease some discomforts of geographic tongue. To promote hydration, simply increase your fluid intake.

Hydration also stimulates the production of saliva, which in turn promotes oral health.

• Drink ample amount of water throughout the day. You can also suck on small pieces of ice.
• Eat frozen chunks of water-based fruits and vegetables, like watermelon and cucumber.
• Drink smoothies, fruit juice, or vegetable juice.
• Drink 1 to 2 glasses of coconut water daily.
• Drink chilled herbal teas, like green tea or chamomile tea.
• Avoid sugary drinks, and cut down on regular tea, coffee, and alcoholic beverages.

4. Oil Pulling

This ancient Ayurvedic practice can help treat red patches on your tongue by helping with the removal of toxins from your mouth and body. Consequently, it helps prevent foul breath, which is associated with a case of geographic tongue.

A 2011 study published in the Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Backentive Dentistry reports that oil pulling therapy is effective in treating halitosis, or bad breath.

It is, therefore, an effective technique to maintain and promote good oral health.

1. Put 1 tablespoon of organic, cold-pressed coconut or sesame oil in your mouth.
2. Swish the oil around your mouth for about 10 minutes.
3. Spit out the oil and rinse your mouth with warm water.
4. Brush your teeth as usual.
5. Use this remedy daily in the morning before eating anything.

5. Aloe Vera

The anti-inflammatory and healing properties of aloe vera make it an effective remedy in treating different types of oral problems, including geographic tongue.

What’s more, it helps get rid of bad breath.

• Extract the gel from an aloe vera leaf and apply it on your tongue. Wait for 10 minutes before rinsing it off with lukewarm water. Repeat a few times daily.
• Use aloe vera juice to rinse your mouth 2 or 3 times a day.

6. Zinc

Zinc deficiency is also associated with geographic tongue and other oral problems.

A 2005 study published in the Journal of Dental Medicine highlights the positive role of zinc in maintaining healthy epithelial tissues and in the treatment of geographic tongue.

Hence, taking zinc supplement or eating more zinc-rich foods may help ameliorate the symptoms of geographic tongue. In addition, zinc promotes a proper and improved sense of taste and smell.

• Zinc supplements come in several forms: tablets, capsules, and lozenges. Consult your doctor for the correct dosage.
• You can also increase your zinc intake with foods, like red meat, fish, oysters, crab, milk, cheese, beans, lentils, fortified breakfast cereals, nuts, seeds, yogurt, kefir, spinach, and other green leafy vegetables.

Additional Tips

• You can soak a cotton ball in vegetable glycerin and apply it on your tongue for 5 minutes. Rinse it off thereafter.
• You can even use a glycerin mouthwash 2 or 3 times a day.
• Rub an ice cube on your tongue for temporary relief.
• You can even use an anti-inflammatory steroid topically on your tongue to help reduce the discomfort.
• Develop a routine of detoxification and cleansing, particularly the colon.

Resources:

1. Staff SBI. Geographic Tongue. The American Academy of Oral Medicine. https://www.aaom.com/geographic-tongue.
2. Huamei Y, Yu Z, Xin Z, Ga L, Qianming C. [Research progress on the risk factors of geographic tongue]. West China journal of stomatology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25872308. Published February 2015.
3. Picciani BLS, Domingos TA, Teixeira-Souza T, et al. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4999097/. Published 2016.
4. Rezaei F, Safarzadeh M, Mozafari H, Tavakoli P. Backalence of Geographic Tongue and Related Predisposing Factors in 7-18 Year-Old Students in Kermanshah, Iran 2014. Global Journal of Health Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4803890/. Published September 2015.
5. Casemiro LA, Martins CHG, Carvalho TCde, Panzeri H, Lavrador MAS, Pires-De-Souza Fde CP. Journal of Applied Oral Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4327536/. Published August 2008
6. Bouquot JE, Nikai H. Geographic tongue. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck . https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/geographic-tongue. Published 2009.
7. Ship JA, Fischer DJ. The relationship between dehydration and parotid salivary gland function in young and older healthy adults. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9310086. Published September 1997.
8. Shanbhag VKL. Oil pulling for maintaining oral hygiene – A review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198813/. Published January 2017.
9. Asokan S, Kumar RS, Emmadi P, Raghuraman R, Sivakumar N. Effect of oil pulling on halitosis and microorganisms causing halitosis: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Backentive Dentistry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911944.
10. Mangaiyarkarasi SP, Manigandan T, Elumalai M, Cholan PK, Kaur RP. Current neurology and neuroscience reports. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4439686/. Published April 2015.
11. Abdolsamadi, Hamian. An investigation on therapeutic effect of zinc sulfate in patients with geographic tongue. Journal of Dental Medicine. http://jdm.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=299&sid=1&slc_lang=en. Published July 15, 2005.